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Software Engineering & OOP Interview Questions & Answers

Core concepts, SOLID design principles, clean architecture, and SDLC models.

Intermediate 622 views

Explain the SOLID Principles of Object-Oriented Software Engineering with Examples

SOLID represents five fundamental design principles for building maintainable, understandable, and flexible software architectures: S - Single Responsibility Principle (SRP): A class should have only ...

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Intermediate 151 views

Explain ACID properties in relational databases and how different Transaction Isolation Levels prevent concurrency anomalies.

ACID Properties & Database Isolation Levels Atomicity: All operations succeed or all roll back. Consistency: The database transitions from one valid state to another obeying all schema constraints. Is...

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Medium 5 views

A notification class has growing email, SMS, and push conditionals. How would you refactor it?

Identify the common send operation and introduce a notification-channel interface with separate email, SMS, and push implementations. Inject the selected channel into the application service and keep ...

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Easy 4 views

How does encapsulation protect an object’s rules? Explain using a bank account.

Encapsulation places state and the operations that control it behind a defined interface. An account should expose deposit and withdrawal methods rather than a freely writable balance. Those methods c...

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Easy 4 views

How do abstraction and inheritance solve different problems?

Abstraction describes the capabilities a caller needs without exposing every implementation detail. A payment interface might offer charge and refund operations. Inheritance creates a subtype relation...

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Medium 4 views

What is the Liskov substitution principle, and why can a square-as-rectangle hierarchy violate it?

A subtype must be usable wherever its parent is expected without breaking the parent’s behavioral contract. If a mutable rectangle promises independently settable width and height, a square that chang...

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Medium 4 views

How would you evolve a public API without breaking existing clients?

First identify the documented contract and real client usage. Prefer additive changes, but check whether clients reject unknown fields or enum values. Introduce incompatible changes through an explici...

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Medium 2 views

When would you use composition instead of inheritance for retry behavior?

Wrap a service with a retry component rather than making every retrying service inherit from a retry base class. The wrapper can accept a retry policy, backoff strategy, and clock, making behavior reu...

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